Guanosine monophosphate ( GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate acid guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the phosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation.
As an acyl substituent, it takes the form of the prefix guanylyl-.
De novo synthesis
GMP synthesis starts with
D-ribose 5′-phosphate, a product of the pentose phosphate pathway. The synthesis proceeds by the gradual formation of the purine ring on carbon-1 of ribose, with CO
2, glutamine, glycine, aspartate and one-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate donating various elements towards the building of the ring.
inhibitor of guanosine monophosphate synthesis in experimental models, the
glutamine analogue DON can be used.
[ Ahluwalia GS et al. Metabolism and action of amino acid analog anti-cancer agents ", in Pharmac. Ther. (1990) 46: 243-271 ]
cGMP
GMP can also exist as a cyclic structure known as cyclic GMP. Within certain cells the enzyme guanylyl cyclase makes cGMP from GTP.
cGMP plays an important role in mediating hormonal signaling.
Sources
GMP was originally identified as the umami substance in dried
shiitake mushroom. The drying process significantly increases GMP content with the breakdown of RNA. It can be found in a number of other mushrooms.
Industrial production is based on fermentation: a bacterium converts sugars into AICA ribonucleotide, which is then converted chemically to GMP.
Food additive
Guanosine monophosphate is known as
E number reference E626.
In the form of its salts, such as disodium guanylate (
E-number), dipotassium guanylate (E628) and calcium guanylate (E629), are
used as
to provide the
umami taste.
It is often used in synergy with disodium inosinate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides. Disodium guanylate is often found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, and packet soup.
As it is a fairly expensive additive, it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid or monosodium glutamate (MSG), which also contribute umami. If inosinate and guanylate salts are present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, the glutamic acid is likely provided as part of another ingredient, such as a processed soy protein complex (hydrolyzed soy protein), autolyzed yeast, or soy sauce.
See also
